The article presents the analysis of the current level of Russian dairy and beef cattle breeding. The major problems of this agricultural sector were identified and systematized under large-scale western sanctions. In terms of the productivity of dairy and beef cattle, Russia is significantly inferior to countries with developed agriculture. An assessment of the possibilities for reducing this lag includes improving the breed composition, mastering innovative technologies in reproduction, feeding and keeping animals while restoring industry technological sovereignty. A system of the directions for innovative development of the studied field involves smart technologies for accelerated formation and development of breeding resources. Innovations in genomic selection, agricultural robotic systems, IoT and other digital technologies are classified in three groups. The analysis of the volumes and directions of state support in scientific and technical development of breeding is performed. Moreover, recommendations for its improvement are given. The proposed methodological approach aims to assess the effectiveness of using innovative technologies in the agricultural sector.