Climate change is profoundly reshaping the dynamics of river basins worldwide, significantly impacting water resources. This study provides a comprehensive global perspective on how rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events are affecting river basins and their ecosystems. We explore the interplay between climate variability and water availability, focusing on critical challenges such as changing river flows, diminishing water quality, and heightened risks of floods and droughts. Particular attention is given to the socio-economic and environmental consequences for regions dependent on these vital water systems. The paper also examines adaptation strategies, including integrated water resource management, sustainable infrastructure development, and policy interventions to mitigate climate-induced disruptions. By synthesizing case studies, this work underscores the urgent need for collaborative and innovative approaches to safeguard river basins and ensure the sustainable management of water resources in a rapidly changing climate.