Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in higher education and has played a significant role in nurturing interdisciplinary design talents. This study takes jewelry design teaching as a specific case study to deeply analyze how artificial intelligence can effectively promote the cultivation of interdisciplinary talents’ design ability and help realize the creation of design works in the actual teaching process. In this study, a comprehensive study was carried out through teaching experiments, and the design action data and self-reports of 42 non-design major college students were collected through qualitative research analysis. The results show that AI generation technology has a significant impact on the cultivation of interdisciplinary design talents. Specifically, by introducing advanced AI tools, students are able to effectively carry out creative practice of design in the context of interdisciplinary teaching. Therefore, we propose an innovative teaching model of AI-assisted interdisciplinary design talent training, which provides a valuable reference for the new interdisciplinary design talent training model in the future. This research breaks the professional and technical barriers of design art, develops the design skills and innovation ability of students outside the major, and actively promotes the deep integration between different disciplines and the comprehensive quality training of compound talents. To sum up, firstly, the traditional jewelry design teaching method was deeply analyzed, and its limitations were pointed out. Furthermore, a teaching model combining generative AI technology to cultivate interdisciplinary design talents is innovatively proposed. Finally, this paper comprehensively summarizes the advantages of AI-assisted design teaching and puts forward a series of forward-looking suggestions for future teaching practice.