The musculoskeletal system, including bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage, relies heavily on fibrous structures made up of collagen, actin, and other proteins. The fibrous structures provide structural support, flexibility, and strength to ensure the proper functioning of musculoskeletal tissues. Tissue engineering generally requires the use of artificial scaffolds to recreate the in vivo milieu which coordinates a combination of biophysical and biochemical stimuli to regulate cell behaviors. Therefore, biomaterials with fibrous microstructures have drawn extensive attention in engineering musculoskeletal tissues. Multiple techniques have emerged for fabricating synthetic or naturally derived polymers. This chapter summarizes the common materials, fabrication techniques, microstructures, and applications of fibrous biomaterials for regenerating different types of musculoskeletal tissues. We also highlighted recent breakthroughs in creating fibrous patterns tailored to the structural and functional requirements of musculoskeletal tissues. Additionally, we discuss the current challenges and opportunities for future research in designing next-generation fibrous biomaterials. By addressing these aspects, this chapter underscores the transformative potential of fibrous scaffolds in advancing musculoskeletal tissue engineering.