The notion of communities coming together to replace fossil fuel imports with local renewable sources has a relatively long history in Europe. As far back as the 1980s, concerns over oil prices and opposition to nuclear power prompted German communities to turn to solar power in what would become known as the Energiewende. The Energiewende (or energy transition) envisioned a more secure and safe future for communities powered by local renewables. There have since been many standout examples of regions pursuing energy independence or self-sufficiency. This chapter will visit four case studies to draw out learnings on the driving forces behind these initiatives and try to identify what factors contributed to successful outcomes. The four case studies summarised here are by no means a comprehensive set of all climate action efforts taking place across the world, but they offer some interesting learnings that informed our approach taken on the Dingle Peninsula.