As one of the most drunk beverages worldwide, coffee in its many forms not only affects health but also physical performance. As a natural dietary stimulant and phytochemical-rich solution, coffee—from either Arabica or Robusta beans—provides multiple compounds that affect cognitive, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, endocrine, digestive, and metabolic systems. Athletes and exercisers are generally aware of the ergogenic potential of coffee “doping,” even if they cannot describe its specific effects across these systems. Not all athletes realize the importance of coffee components beyond caffeine, but most do have the latter present in their urine during drug testing. This chapter will review the inherent components, preparation, and consumption of coffee, and how it affects various systems related to performance and health—two outcomes that have a controversial history in the coffee literature.