An essential part of good cancer treatment is ensuring that people with the disease have access to the medications they need, but this is not always the case, especially in low-income countries like India and middle-income nations. This abstract takes a look at the regulatory and legal frameworks that control the availability of cancer drugs, contrasting the international scene with the particular setting of India’s healthcare system. From a global vantage point, the intricate web of IP rights, regulatory frameworks, pricing systems, and treaties becomes apparent. While robust patent protection rules in high-income nations encourage pharmaceutical research, they may make essential medications out of reach for many people due to their high price tags. The accessibility and price of cancer medications throughout the world are influenced by international trade pacts such as TRIPS, which regulates the balance between public health imperatives. Contrarily, to strike a balance between patent protection and public health concerns, the Indian legal system takes a sophisticated approach. Generic versions of copyrighted cancer treatments can be produced and imported thanks to provisions like obligatory licensing and parallel importation, which increase accessibility and affordability. To make sure everyone has access to medication, the “Indian Patents Act” was passed in 1970 and then amended to encourage innovation in the pharmaceutical industry inside the country. Regulatory hurdles, price discrepancies, and healthcare infrastructure restrictions are some of the problems that continue to plague India’s healthcare sector. Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) monitors the approval of drugs, however, there have been delays and discrepancies that have prevented patients from getting breakthrough cancer therapies when they need them. The expense of necessary medicine, including some cancer medicines, continues to be a major obstacle for many patients, especially those from marginalized populations. Price control methods like the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) attempt to manage this issue. Inadequate oncology facilities and trained healthcare personnel are two examples of the healthcare infrastructure shortcomings that worsen cancer treatment access inequities throughout India’s varied socioeconomic landscape. Using examples from across the world and India as a case study, this article will look at the complicated issue of cancer medicine accessibility via a policy and legal lens. The goal is to find ways to improve healthcare by going over the relationship between IP rights, regulations, pricing, and infrastructure. Indian citizens’ ability to get cancer medications, while also adding to conversations about pharmaceutical control and global health fairness.