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Short-term high-protein diet consumption (often used by athletes and individuals who wish to decrease their body weight) does not change the composition of the large intestine microbiota and does not induce measurable deleterious effects on the large intestine mucosa in terms of inflammation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. However, such diet redirects microbiota metabolic activity toward amino acid metabolism, thus increasing the production of amino acid-derived metabolites. This is associated with modification of gene expression in the rectal mucosa, pointing out potential effects of the microbiota metabolic activity on the transcriptional activity in the host intestinal cells. As a matter of fact, amino acid-derived bacterial metabolites are active on the intestinal epithelial cells in terms of energy metabolism, epithelium renewal, homeostasis, electrolyte transport, and gene expression. These effects are paralleled, depending on the concentrations of amino acid-derived metabolites, by both beneficial and deleterious effects on metabolism and physiology of intestinal cells. Bacterial metabolites can be absorbed through the intestinal epithelium and modified in the liver giving rise to co-metabolites. Bacterial metabolites and their co-metabolites have shown, depending on their chemical structure, both protective and adverse effects on hepatocytes. Regarding the two amino acid-derived co-metabolites, p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate, they have been shown to belong to the uremic toxin class of compounds, which aggravate chronic kidney disease when present at excessive circulating concentrations. Phenylacetylglutamine, which is another amino acid-derived co-metabolite resulting from the microbiota and host liver co-metabolic activity, can induce cardiovascular dysfunctions when present in excess. Lastly, several amino acid-derived metabolites and co-metabolites have been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier, inducing, depending on the concentrations used, either beneficial or deleterious effects in experimental studies.

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Amino Acid Metabolism and Communication Between Microbes of the Intestinal Microbiota and Host Cells

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • François Blachier

摘要

Short-term high-protein diet consumption (often used by athletes and individuals who wish to decrease their body weight) does not change the composition of the large intestine microbiota and does not induce measurable deleterious effects on the large intestine mucosa in terms of inflammation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. However, such diet redirects microbiota metabolic activity toward amino acid metabolism, thus increasing the production of amino acid-derived metabolites. This is associated with modification of gene expression in the rectal mucosa, pointing out potential effects of the microbiota metabolic activity on the transcriptional activity in the host intestinal cells. As a matter of fact, amino acid-derived bacterial metabolites are active on the intestinal epithelial cells in terms of energy metabolism, epithelium renewal, homeostasis, electrolyte transport, and gene expression. These effects are paralleled, depending on the concentrations of amino acid-derived metabolites, by both beneficial and deleterious effects on metabolism and physiology of intestinal cells. Bacterial metabolites can be absorbed through the intestinal epithelium and modified in the liver giving rise to co-metabolites. Bacterial metabolites and their co-metabolites have shown, depending on their chemical structure, both protective and adverse effects on hepatocytes. Regarding the two amino acid-derived co-metabolites, p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate, they have been shown to belong to the uremic toxin class of compounds, which aggravate chronic kidney disease when present at excessive circulating concentrations. Phenylacetylglutamine, which is another amino acid-derived co-metabolite resulting from the microbiota and host liver co-metabolic activity, can induce cardiovascular dysfunctions when present in excess. Lastly, several amino acid-derived metabolites and co-metabolites have been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier, inducing, depending on the concentrations used, either beneficial or deleterious effects in experimental studies.