This chapter examines 1688 lithic artifacts recovered from the Painel do Pilão rock shelter, focusing on 110 samples analyzed microscopically for evidence of knapping, retouch, and surface alterations. Out of these, 31 artifacts exhibited use-wear, while 43 artifacts displayed signs of artistry, including pigmentation and decorative features. The artifacts were categorized based on functionality, revealing utilitarian and artisanal divisions. Unusually deep groove patterns in the east/northeast rock shelter wall suggest significant terraforming efforts. Despite fewer artifacts in higher stratigraphic levels, the wall’s surface showed extensive ablation and flaking, indicating material removal, possibly for toolmaking, with the goal of flattening the wall. The findings support identification as an ancient quarry site, or for intentional megalithic landscape terraforming.