This study explores Urban Heat Island (UHI) dynamics by integrating Land Surface Temperature (LST) analysis with socio-economic vulnerability and public health assessments. UHI effects, exacerbated by urbanization and loss of green spaces, raise urban temperatures, impacting both environmental and human health. While prior studies focus primarily on temperature variations, this research addresses a gap by examining the interplay between UHI patterns, demographic vulnerabilities, and the health impacts of heatwaves. The research focuses on South Twenty-four Parganas, West Bengal, India, a region with diverse land use types. It seeks to identify the factors contributing to UHI, analyze how socioeconomic and infrastructural factors influence sensitivity to UHI, and assess the health impacts of UHI and heatwaves. Multiple thermal indices such as LST, Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Relative LST were used to analyze UHI intensity, along with detailed assessments of vegetation (NDVI), waterbodies (NDWI), and built-up areas (NDBI). Primary survey data from vulnerable blue-collar workers further illuminated the socio-economic dimensions of UHI impacts. The findings demonstrate that environmental variables, in conjunction with socioeconomic differences, exacerbate vulnerabilities, particularly in densely populated places. Heat exposure significantly elevates health risks, including cardiovascular and respiratory issues. The study emphasizes the need to implement complete mitigation strategies involving urban design, public health initiatives, and community participation. This integrative approach addresses major gaps in UHI research. This study amalgamates UHI dynamics with socioeconomic and health evaluations to provide insights into UHI implications across varied landscapes, and additionally policy-driven suggestions for diminution.