In response to climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, urban agriculture has become an important part of food and nutrition security in many cities globally. During the COVID-19 pandemic, food prices have increased due to blockages that have reduced the supply of food items in Addis Ababa. Urban agriculture not only offers the benefits of food security and economic gain but also improves ecosystem services—water quality improvement, microclimate amelioration, biodiversity enhancement, and waste and flood management—that positively impact public health. A detailed literature review and rapid field observations were used. This study portrays the diversified types of farms and species accustomed to urban farming in and around Addis Ababa, the role of urban agriculture during and post-COVID-19 pandemic times, and the opportunities and challenges that prevail. Despite some difficulties, sustainable urban agriculture allows for the attainment of the economic, social, and ecological sustainability dimensions. In doing so, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the inhabitants of Addis Ababa were encouraged to cultivate every open area in the home compounds, school, office compounds, and pre-urban farmlands to grow different types of vegetables, fruits, and cereals to adapt to the challenge. Urban agriculture needs to be encouraged to continue in the future in a more advanced way.