The Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India was founded in 1820 by an English Baptist missionary, William Carey. He was part of a network of Baptist missionaries centered at Srirampur, the Danish settlement close to Calcutta. This book explores the ways that these missionaries came to include plants in their project of proselytization to better understand the origins of this scientific society. This includes an investigation of the farms and gardens at each mission station, the missionaries’ work with indigo plantations, and different scientific projects leading up to the creation of the agricultural Society. In all this work, plants became an important target and sign of moral improvement, marking a sort of “moral frontier.” Nevertheless, various entanglements with Bengali converts, gardeners, and the elite bhadralok class that was then forming in Calcutta shaped the missionary vision. In the first 15 years of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, missionaries and bhadralok worked together to uphold a romantic and hierarchical vision of agrarian society that mixed gardening with large-scale agriculture. This mixed vision come to an end after an economic depression followed shortly by William Carey’s death in 1834, after which cash crops for export were prioritized.