The main purpose of this chapter is to offer an appropriate analytical framework for building innovation systems and fostering and technological learning in Africa. In keeping with the key components of a comprehensive development strategy for Africa, these are strategically the most dynamic components. We integrate Innovation and Technological Learning in Africa with strategic aspects of egalitarian development. This results in creating an applicable theory of an egalitarian innovation system. We apply this theory to uneven development of innovation in Africa critically and suggest a flexible menu of strategic policies for countries at different stages of development. We point towards some pathways towards making Africa an innovative region with an even distribution of the costs and benefits.