Hybrid spaces facilitate dynamic interactions between humans, technology, and the built environment, yet the systematic design of affordances within these spaces remains underexplored. This study enhances the TACIT framework-territoriality, awareness, control, interaction, and transitions-by integrating affordance theory to establish a structured approach for designing and adapting hybrid environments. Through a multi-case analysis of 20 real-world projects, this research identifies key technological enablers, including smart artifacts, sensor-based systems, augmented and virtual reality components, and adaptive control mechanisms, which collectively support spatial, perceptual, functional, and nested affordances. Findings highlight that affordances in hybrid spaces emerge from the interdependencies of TACIT components. Territoriality and awareness define spatial and perceptual affordances, shaping how users navigate and interpret their surroundings. Control governs functional affordances, regulating human-agent interactions. Interaction and transitions enable nested affordances, facilitating seamless adaptation between digital and physical spaces. By structuring how users perceive and engage with action possibilities, the enhanced TACIT model ensures that hybrid spaces remain intuitive, adaptive, and responsive to evolving human-agent interactions.

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Operationalizing Affordances in Hybrid Spaces: An Enhanced TACIT Framework for Human-Agent Interaction

  • Dan Zhu,
  • Christian Kohls

摘要

Hybrid spaces facilitate dynamic interactions between humans, technology, and the built environment, yet the systematic design of affordances within these spaces remains underexplored. This study enhances the TACIT framework-territoriality, awareness, control, interaction, and transitions-by integrating affordance theory to establish a structured approach for designing and adapting hybrid environments. Through a multi-case analysis of 20 real-world projects, this research identifies key technological enablers, including smart artifacts, sensor-based systems, augmented and virtual reality components, and adaptive control mechanisms, which collectively support spatial, perceptual, functional, and nested affordances. Findings highlight that affordances in hybrid spaces emerge from the interdependencies of TACIT components. Territoriality and awareness define spatial and perceptual affordances, shaping how users navigate and interpret their surroundings. Control governs functional affordances, regulating human-agent interactions. Interaction and transitions enable nested affordances, facilitating seamless adaptation between digital and physical spaces. By structuring how users perceive and engage with action possibilities, the enhanced TACIT model ensures that hybrid spaces remain intuitive, adaptive, and responsive to evolving human-agent interactions.