Aquaculture is increasingly recognized as a vital contributor to global food and nutrition security, offering a sustainable alternative to capture fisheries amid rising demand for nutrient-rich animal protein. This chapter examines the role of aquaculture in addressing challenges related to malnutrition, environmental sustainability, and economic development. With production growing nearly five times faster than capture fisheries, aquaculture provides diverse, affordable, and accessible seafood options while easing pressure on wild fish stocks. Recent developments in technology, integration with agriculture, and growing consumer awareness are transforming aquaculture into a more resilient and efficient sector. However, challenges such as disease management, antibiotic resistance, and climate change necessitate regulatory innovation and sustainability-focused policy frameworks. Future scenarios discussed include the potential of diversified and ethical aquaculture, global market integration, and the emergence of alternative proteins. Given the projections of a global population of 9.7 billion by 2050, aquaculture’s future will significantly influence efforts to ensure healthy, sustainable diets. The chapter highlights the need for strong public policy, international cooperation, and investment to guide aquaculture growth responsibly. By prioritizing nutrition-sensitive and environmentally sound practices, aquaculture can become a cornerstone of global strategies to combat hunger and promote sustainable development.