Aquaculture plays a vital role in addressing the growing demand for food fish by providing a sustainable source of high-quality protein and contributing to global food security. As the industry expands, it faces challenges associated with suboptimal farming conditions, requiring the adoption of more effective and sustainable practices. Traditionally, chemicals and antibiotics have been used to manage diseases in aquaculture; however, concerns about antibiotic residues and the rise of antimicrobial resistance have highlighted the need for safer, natural solutions. One such approach involves incorporating prebiotics and probiotics into fish diets. Prebiotics, which are nondigestible feed components, stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial gut microbes, while probiotics, comprising live microorganisms, offer health benefits when administered in appropriate quantities. These strategies are known to enhance nutrient absorption, modulate immune responses, and improve disease resistance in cultured fish species. Research indicates that dietary supplementation with prebiotics and probiotics can enhance feed efficiency, promote growth, and improve water quality by suppressing harmful pathogens and maintaining a balanced gut microbiota. Moreover, these additives may reduce stress, boost enzymatic activity, and increase nutrient bioavailability. This review focuses on the significance of prebiotics and probiotics in aquaculture nutrition, emphasizing their potential as sustainable alternatives to conventional disease management practices in fish farming.