The issue of modernity has been a central concern for Islamic intellectuals over the past two centuries, producing diverse and often contradictory analyses and theories. This chapter provides an overview of these varied reactions by categorizing them into three main perspectives. First, some thinkers advocate for emulating the Western experience of modernity. Second, others seek the ideal state within the lost truths of Islamic tradition and early history. Third, a group of scholars rejects both positions, proposing a distinct path toward an “Islamic modernity.” The chapter summarizes the key ideas of prominent thinkers in each category to map the ongoing debate and encourage civilizational dialogue. The project of defining an Islamic modernity remains largely theoretical, with limited practical implementation. However, its core principles resonate with contemporary Western critiques of modernity, suggesting potential for further dialogue. A central focus of the chapter is the epistemological question of reason: its role, limitations, and relationship with tradition. While this inquiry echoes concerns from the European Enlightenment, the chapter demonstrates that Islamic thought has engaged with similar questions throughout its history. The responses to modernity in the Islamic world follow long-standing intellectual trajectories, adapted to contemporary contexts. Finally, the chapter reflects on the concept of “translation as transformation” and its relevance to Islamic modernity, exploring how this perspective might enrich the discourse and provide new insights for the ongoing debate.