Bay Bulls is known as one of the oldest European settlements on the island of Newfoundland. Ideally located on the “Southern Shore” of the Avalon Peninsula, Bay Bulls Harbor was used by European fishermen from countries such as France, Spain, and Portugal as early as the sixteenth century; it was later developed for commercial activities due to its proximity to the city of St. John’s. Famously known as the site of the Sapphire shipwreck (c. 1696), the historical demography of Bay Bulls was greatly influenced by Franco-British conflicts, fluctuating cod fisheries, and outbreaks of war. This chapter is based on an archaeological assessment of the changing landscape of Bay Bulls from its first European settlement until the cod moratorium of 1992. By interpreting Bay Bulls Harbor with data collected using non-invasive survey techniques in coordination with historical maps and aerial photographs, it offers a broader interpretation of how Newfoundland played an important role in the salt, cod, and sugar trade in the Atlantic world.