Strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) are becoming a promising material for strengthening structures due to their excellent mechanical properties, high ductility, and micro-crack development characteristics. Previous research has primarily investigated strengthening of simply supported beams, whereas studies on continuous beams are currently lacking. To address this gap, the present study assesses the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) continuous beams strengthened by reinforced SHCC layers under flexural loading. In the current research, five RC continuous beams were tested; one of which was the control (un-strengthened) beam and the other four were strengthened at the region of mid-support negative moment. SHCC layers were bonded to the RC beam surface using epoxy adhesive along with SHCC reinforcing bars in an anchored manner. The test parameters considered different strengthening configurations (L-shaped with CFRP laminates and U-shaped). The control specimen failed at 391 kN, while the strengthened beams failed at higher loads (418–495 kN). The U-shaped configuration over full beam depth exhibited the highest load capacity (495 kN), resulting in a 27% increase. Measured data from tests were used to validate a finite-element-based numerical model developed using ABAQUS. The measured and predicted load capacity, load-deflection response, and cracking patterns were in good agreement. The numerical model can be utilized for analysing RC continuous beams strengthened by SHCC for future applications.