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This paper introduces a novel, cost-effective system for estimating public bus arrival times in developing countries without relying on the Global Positioning System (GPS). The system uses low-cost Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons installed on buses and Android-based gateway devices at bus stops to detect arrivals and departures. Data are transmitted to a cloud repository over existing cellular networks, while users’ smartphones employ edge AI (artificial intelligence combined with edge computing) to predict arrival time. The system was installed and tested on Corridor 1 of the TransKutaraja network in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, which includes 15 bus stops and ten buses. Usability tests with 20 participants revealed that users find arrival time forecasts especially useful compared to traditional real-time tracking of buses. Relying on widely available components, minimizing installation complexity, and reducing infrastructure requirements, this system presents clear advantages over GPS-based solutions. The successful field trial establishes it as a viable, sustainable solution for public transport in developing regions.

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A Novel System for Predicting the Arrival Times of Public Buses in Developing Countries

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Rahmad Dawood,
  • Maya Fitria,
  • Masduki Khamdan Muchamad,
  • Ade Maulana,
  • Diky Wahyudi,
  • Yahdina Ahsya,
  • M. Aqshal Adzkia,
  • Shaquille Rizki Ramadhan Na,
  • Nur Ridho Rizki

摘要

This paper introduces a novel, cost-effective system for estimating public bus arrival times in developing countries without relying on the Global Positioning System (GPS). The system uses low-cost Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons installed on buses and Android-based gateway devices at bus stops to detect arrivals and departures. Data are transmitted to a cloud repository over existing cellular networks, while users’ smartphones employ edge AI (artificial intelligence combined with edge computing) to predict arrival time. The system was installed and tested on Corridor 1 of the TransKutaraja network in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, which includes 15 bus stops and ten buses. Usability tests with 20 participants revealed that users find arrival time forecasts especially useful compared to traditional real-time tracking of buses. Relying on widely available components, minimizing installation complexity, and reducing infrastructure requirements, this system presents clear advantages over GPS-based solutions. The successful field trial establishes it as a viable, sustainable solution for public transport in developing regions.