This paper investigates methods to optimize symmetric data encryption for low-orbit vehicles (LOA), focusing specifically on the AES and PRESENT algorithms. This paper investigates methods to optimize symmetric data encryption for LOAs, aiming to enhance data protection efficiency while minimizing resource costs. The study explores their implementation in both hardware and software, as well as factors affecting encryption performance, including key size, encryption mode, and processor architecture. Special emphasis is placed on parallel data processing techniques and utilizing specialized processor instructions for encryption acceleration. Recommendations are provided for selecting optimal encryption parameters and architectural approaches to enhance data protection efficiency in LOAs while minimizing resource costs. The results show significant performance improvements due to hardware acceleration using FPGA and software optimizations using assembler inserts and parallel processing. Furthermore, the potential of new technologies, such as neuromorphic processors and quantum computing, is considered to enhance the future performance of symmetric encryption in LOAs.