The increase in the number of new forms of capital, especially in the context of digitalization and globalization, makes traditional classifications insufficient for describing modern financial instruments. The taxonomic approach not only allows the systematization of the diversity of capital forms but also reveals their interconnections, development dynamics, and impact on economic processes. The research is based on a comprehensive approach, including theoretical analysis of the scientific literature, historical analysis of the evolution of financial instruments, and comparative analysis of traditional and digital forms of capital. Methods of systematization and classification were used to identify key criteria for the taxonomy. As a result of the conducted research, a scientifically grounded taxonomy of financial capital on the stock market, reflecting its evolution, was developed. It was shown that with the development of technologies and financial markets, forms of financial capital are becoming more diverse and accessible to a broader range of participants, but despite all the changes, the essence of financial capital has remained unchanged: it still performs the same basic functions, but the forms of their manifestation have adapted to modern conditions. Digital forms of capital, represented on the Russian stock market, are modified forms of traditional financial instruments adapted to modern technologies, the processes of digitalization of the economy, and the decentralization of financial and settlement systems and mechanisms of their regulation.