In a rapidly changing macroeconomic environment, prompt implementation of innovative technologies is critical to maintaining and improving the competitiveness and efficiency of rail transport. Effective human resource (HR) management is a critical factor in stimulating innovative development in large corporations, especially in such complex industries as rail transportation. The contribution provides reviews of innovative technologies and promising solutions developed by foreign railway companies and the factors of their advanced development. In addition, the role of strategic HR management in enhancing the innovative potential of Russian Railways is considered. It emphasizes the importance of modern HR practices, including talent acquisition, employee training, motivation and retention, in forming a corporate culture of continuous improvement and innovations. The study emphasizes the importance of aligning HR strategies with the company’s long-term innovative goals and provides an analysis of successful HR initiatives implemented by Russian Railways. By adopting an integrated approach to HR management, the organization not only improves operational efficiency but also strengthens its competitive advantages in the global railway industry.