The issue of water environmental pollution caused by sudden water pollution accidents in inland waterways has garnered significant attention in recent years. With the rapid development of inland waterway transportation in the Taihu Lake basin, the scale of oil and chemical transportation has been continuously expanding, leading to an upward trend in the probability of sudden pollution accidents. The relatively complex river network of the Taihu Lake basin has increased the difficulty of studying the impact of accidents. This paper takes the inland waterways leading into the Taihu Lake basin as an example, by establishing hydrodynamic models, oil spill prediction models, and chemical spill models, to predict potential sudden oil spills and chemical spills during ship transportation, assess the response time for handling sudden pollution accidents, and propose suggestions on risk prevention and emergency measures based on simulation results. This provides a scientific basis for the prediction and emergency handling of sudden accidents under complex river network conditions.