In recent years, microplastic pollution has become a global environmental concern, significantly impacting marine ecosystems, particularly fish species. This study investigates the potential effects of microplastic exposure on the reproductive systems and offspring development of zebrafish, serving as a model organism. The findings reveal that microplastic exposure disrupts the reproductive systems of both male and female zebrafish, leading to hormonal imbalances and impaired development of reproductive cells. The adverse effects may also extend to subsequent generations, affecting the embryonic and larval development of zebrafish. Additionally, microplastics can adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutants, creating more complex pollution scenarios and intensifying their detrimental effects on the reproductive health of zebrafish. Consequently, ecological risk assessments of microplastic pollution should consider the combined effects of microplastics and other contaminants. The results of this study underscore the importance of further investigating the mechanisms of microplastics’ impact on aquatic life and contribute to the formulation of effective pollution control and prevention strategies.