With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater has become an urgent problem to be solved. This type of wastewater has complex components and contains a large amount of organic matter, making its treatment challenging. This article comprehensively analyzes the characteristics and treatment methods of different types of organic wastewater such as food wastewater, pesticide wastewater, and chemical wastewater. Physical, chemical and biological methods are currently commonly used treatment technologies, but there are limitations to a single method. Therefore, it is necessary to use coupling technologies of different methods to treat high-concentration organic wastewater. Finally, this article looks forward to the possible development directions of organic wastewater treatment research in the future, including intelligent and efficient treatment technologies and the application of new biodegradants and green chemistry principles to achieve more environmentally friendly treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater.