Ethnobiology is an interdisciplinary field that studies interactions between human, plants, animals, and their environments, encompassing various fields like biology, ecology, anthropology, geography, pharmacology, nutrition, linguistics, history, and philosophy. This chapter discusses the ethnobiological approach for conserving biodiversity in Palakkad district, Kerala, a popular area for paddy fields and palmyras. The district is home to eight tribal people: the Eravallans, Irulars, Kadars, Kurumbars, Malamalasars, Mudugars, Malasars, and Muthuvans. Tribal people use 158 native and cultivated trees for indigenous purposes, with 104 used for ethnomedical remedies and 48 edibles. Ethnobiological investigations in Silent Valley revealed 102 plant species and 69 animal species used by traditional healers, leading to the development of 163 usage methods. The Attappady Hills in Palakkad district, inhabited by the tribes Irula, Kurumba and Muduga, have identified 29 animal species from five taxa for 33 purposes, according to ethnozoological knowledge. Thirty plant species from 25 families in Palakkad district have antilithiatic properties, used by healers to treat kidney stones, indicating a widespread presence of biological substances. Ethnobiology enhances scientific, sociological, and historical research. Around three lakh tribal people in Kerala use domesticated and wild animals for food, medicine, culture, hunting, and religious rituals.