This chapter discusses the effect of climate change on the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture and the subsequent settlement of human societies. It starts with an overview of human life during the hunter-gatherer times and why such a way of life disappeared eventually. Then, it discusses the transition to agriculture and the far-reaching ramifications of such a consequential change in lifestyle on human settlement, modes of production, income inequality, institutional structures, cultural traits, and the emergence of civilizations. The chapter then discusses the factors behind such transition and the potential contribution of climate. Different hypotheses on the association between climate change and the transition to farming are covered including the Oasis Theory, the Hilly Flanks Theory, and others. The chapter, then, discusses the scholarly work that provides evidence on the association between climate change and the adoption of agriculture in certain areas. Then, the chapter highlights some studies on the effect of climatic fluctuations on the diffusion of agriculture from the adoption core areas to other parts of the world.