In this chapter, the phenomenon of child neglect is investigated by examining its effects on health and development, considering the risk and protective factors that play a role in its occurrence, with the Biological Theory of Human Development (BTHD) being used as the analytical framework. In many cases, the circumstances leading to neglect are deeply rooted in contexts of poverty, family stress, and lack of social support. Thus, understanding neglect is not merely about examining acts of omission but also about considering the complex interactions between socioeconomic factors and the conditions of parents and caregivers in providing a safe and healthy environment for children’s development. Although statistics highlight the alarming prevalence of this issue, each child’s experience is unique, shaped by a lack of care that can jeopardize their health.