The issue of violence against children and adolescents in the context of drug trafficking is alarming, involving a complex set of factors. In this scenario, children are victims of various forms of violence, both directly and indirectly, due to the presence and operation of drug trafficking in their communities. This chapter seeks to analyze, in light of the bioecological theory of development, the impacts of violence against children in the context of drug trafficking and how prevention and protection policies can contribute to mitigating their effects. By understanding the issue of violence against children in the context of drug trafficking through the bioecological theory of development, it is possible to understand the existing problems not by themselves but as a result of a complex interaction of multiple factors at different levels and systems that surround them. Thus, it becomes essential to address the challenges at each of these levels and promote policies and actions that strengthen protective environments for children, preventing situations of violence and providing adequate support for their healthy development.