The approach of vitalism, which claims that living matter obeys specific physical laws, different from those that rule inanimate matter, has been discredited since a long time, as discussed in the first chapter of this volume, and it does not deserve any further mention. This does of course not exclude that living systems may exhibit some quite exotic physical properties: there are indeed good indications that “non-trivial” quantum properties (It goes without saying that life is based on quantum mechanics, as all the physical and therefore the chemical interactions are. And there is nothing trivial in quantum mechanics. But, in this chapter, we will take into account only those quantum mechanical properties which are by now quite familiar, e.g. those which explain the existence of atoms and molecules and of their textbook properties) like superposition, coherence and entanglement may be at work in some key biological processes, e.g. in photosynthesis, in enzyme catalysis and in the internal “compass” which is involved in the orienteering of some migrant birds (McFadden 2000). More speculative proposals include the suggestion that proteins can be regarded as a peculiar state of matter (Vattay et al. 2015), and the hypothesis that living beings are able to handle processes of quantum decoherence and recoherence (Kauffman 2019). We must keep an open-minded view on these hypotheses but, since their importance in the processes of OoL is far from proven, here we will not base our treatment of protocells on these properties.