The article analyses the trend of agricultural production composition and its effect on income per capita growth rate in Uganda from 1988 to 2022. The multiple linear regression analysis and trend analysis were utilized, and data was assessed which was collected during the 1988–2022 to explore the patterns and the effect of agricultural output on income per capita growth. The results show that during the period of study per capita agricultural output has been declining, while income per capita is rising, suggesting moderate, however statistically significant impact of agricultural production on aggregate growth rate. These findings emphasize the requirement for policies to improve agricultural production, supporting and protecting domestic production in agriculture and develop responses to seasonal variations in labor availability and interest rates to ensure sustained income growth and poverty reduction within Uganda. This study is unique in terms of assessing the contribution of agricultural productivity to income per capita growth over a long period for Uganda, providing valuable lessons both to policy makers, stakeholders and researchers interested in advancing economic development amongst agriculture based economies like Uganda.