This chapter examines the intersection of ethnicity, class, and elite power structures in shaping Madagascar’s peace and conflict dynamics. It reveals how these social constructs have been instrumentalized for political mobilization and governance by exploring historical and contemporary narratives surrounding the Merina-Côtiers and Andriana-Andevo divisions. Through a cross-scalar approach, the chapter investigates how elite actors manipulate identity-based tensions to maintain influence, exacerbating structural inequalities and hindering national unity. While these divisions have historically fueled exclusion and conflict, they also present opportunities for reconciliation if addressed through inclusive governance and recognition of historical grievances. The chapter argues that sustainable peace in Madagascar hinges on dismantling institutionalized ethnic and class hierarchies, fostering equitable representation, and embracing a pluralistic national identity that moves beyond the legacies of colonial and post-colonial stratification.