This chapter explores the intertwined associations between sex, gender, and intersectionality, and their roles in biomedical and clinical research. Stressing the importance of clear defnitions, interdisciplinary collaboration, practical applications, and inclusivity, this chapter discusses the advantages of individual phenotyping and personalized medicine while recognizing the complexities these concepts present in clinical settings. The challenges of defning and measuring gender and sex are addressed as is the need to be inclusive of a diversity of identities and disciplinary perspectives, the limitations of rigid categories, as well as the importance of nuanced frameworks, clear communication, and fully informed patient choices. Scientists, policy makers, and stakeholders share responsibility for incorporating sex and gender considerations into research and health care. This calls for applying an intersectional approach and recognizing that various perspectives on sex and gender need not be in opposition but rather complementary. Just as the coexistence of diferent viewpoints enabled this chapter, the discussions presented allow for a nuanced understanding of the topic well beyond disciplinary silos.