Iran is situated in southwestern Asia, stretching between 25° 00′ and 39° 47′N latitude and 44° 02′ and 63° 20′E longitude. It is officially recognized as the Islamic Republic of Iran. Back in 2021, Iran had a population of around 87.92 million people and occupied a total land area of 1,648,000 million square kilometers. It shares borders with Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf to the south, and Iraq and Turkey to the west (Fig. 1). Over half (52%) of the country is comprised of mountains and deserts, while 16% of the land is situated at an altitude of over 2000 m above sea level. This country is characterized by rugged mountain ranges that divide different basins or plateaus from each other. The highest point in Iran, Mount Damavand, is located in the Alborz range and stands at an impressive 5610 m tall, making it the highest mountain in Asia located west of the Hindu Kush. Only 12,000 km2 of the area consists of water, primarily in the form of lakes.