Diabetes management encounters constant challenges in safe data transmission, real-time monitoring, and customized treatment using IoT devices. This research presents a scalable and secure multi-layer architecture that incorporates IoT, edge computing, fog computing, lightweight blockchain, and peer-to-peer (P2P) learning to resolve these challenges. IoT devices facilitate ongoing health data acquisition, whereas edge computing allows for localized processing and peer-to-peer learning, offering immediate, customized feedback. The fog layer utilizes a lightweight blockchain to guarantee data integrity and decentralized governance. Initial investigation indicates that this architecture enhances scalability and efficiency while maintaining data privacy and security. A prototype is being developed to evaluate its effectiveness in medical settings.