Nursing students often encounter significant stress due to the rigorous demands of academic and clinical training, potentially affecting their mental health and academic performance. This study investigates the relationships between perceived stress, self-esteem, and resilience among nursing students at Higher Institute of Nursing and Technical Health Professions of Beni Mellal (ISPITS BM) in Morocco. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with all 237 nursing students enrolled at ISPITS BM. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires, including the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE-10), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25). Statistical analyses examined correlations between the variables and differences among subgroups based on gender and academic year. The study found that 55.7% of students experienced moderate to high levels of stress. Significant negative correlations were observed between perceived stress and self-esteem (r = −0.389, p < 0.01) and between perceived stress and resilience (r = −0.498, p < 0.01). Male students reported higher levels of self-esteem and resilience compared to female students. First-year students exhibited higher stress levels and lower resilience than those in their third year. These findings highlight the profound impact of stress on nursing students and emphasize the protective roles of self-esteem and resilience. Integrating mental health support and resilience-building programs into nursing curricula is essential to enhance student well-being and academic success. Such interventions could ultimately improve the quality of future healthcare delivery by preparing more resilient and confident nursing professionals.