Nitrogen fertilization is a critical component in enhancing agricultural productivity, yet its impact on soil carbon sequestration remains complex and multifaceted. Nitrogen overuse can have devastating consequences on ecosystem, lead to significant environmental issues such as pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil degradation. As the global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, balancing both food security and environmental sustainability presents a critical challenge for agricultural productivity. Over the past five decades, the use of nitrogen fertilizers has played a pivotal role in tripling global food production. However, this progress also caused ecological and soil structural damage. This study explores the potential of nitrogen fertilization to enhance soil carbon sequestration which is vital for the long-term sustainability of agriculture. While nitrogen addition can stimulate microbial activity, leading to increased carbon dioxide emissions, it also promotes plant growth and biomass accumulation, thereby contributing to enhance soil organic matter. The balance between these competing processes is influenced by factors such as nitrogen application rate, soil characteristics, climate, and crop management practices. Achieving a nutrient balance in agricultural systems have been remain a significant challenge, requiring careful consideration of these variables. Integrated approaches that optimize fertilizer use efficiency and minimize environmental impacts offer a more sustainable alternative to conventional agricultural methods.