Organic phosphorus (OP) serves as a significant soil phosphorus (P) pool, with its biogeochemical processes being essential components of soil P cycle. These processes are critical for maintaining plant growth and dynamic balance of soil P. This paper comprehensively reviews the biogeochemical processes and efficient utilization of OP, encompassing the sources and forms of soil OP, the adsorption–desorption and mineralization processes of OP, key influencing factor, relevant advanced analytic techniques, and regulation measures of OP. The soil OP primarily originates from plant and animal residues, microbial activity, and anthropogenic inputs, and its bioavailability is remarkably influenced by the adsorption and desorption processes on soil minerals. In addition, soil minerals and phosphatases, secreted by microorganisms and plant roots, catalyze the mineralization of OP compounds, leading to the release of phosphate and thus increasing P bioavailability. The key factors influencing OP mineralization include soil pH, adsorption mechanism, phosphatase activity, the coexistence of cation and organic matter, as well as microbial interactions. Furthermore, we provide an overview of advanced analytical techniques commonly used in soil OP research and propose strategies to enhance the bioavailability of soil OP from a farm management perspective. Finally, we outline potential future research directions and challenges aimed at further elucidating the biogeochemical processes of OP under complex environmental conditions.