How much do linguists know about the origin and evolution of linguistic diversity? Or how adequately do they explain it? Is it true that language loss necessarily leads to loss of linguistic diversity? Aren’t there resilient languages that maintain some patterns of structural diversity attested in dying and dead languages? Aren’t there new structural patterns that emerge out of linguistic hybridization? Why have the benefits of language maintenance to linguistics taken front seat in the scholarship on LEL, while the socioeconomic benefits to the stakeholders, heritage speakers/signers of the affected languages, have received no more attention than pitying them? Can linguists assist the victims without engaging in their endeavors those who changed the socioeconomic world orders at the expense of the stakeholders? Why does cultural assimilation not entail socioeconomic integration? Are all small populations’ languages endangered? What about the polities where language practices are influenced by the practices of economically and politically powerful groups? I discuss in this chapter all these questions and more, while I advocate bringing population structure to the center of the discourse on LEL.