Faced with the evolving environments of work and life in the new century, new technologies have introduced new occupational, social, and educational constructs in need of measurement, such as problem-solving in technology-rich environments and digital reading literacy. Through the ubiquity of digital technologies, large-scale, computer-based assessments are uniquely able to assess such constructs within the general population through innovative item types, such as scenario-based tasks. In this chapter, we review the new constructs in large-scale assessments that have sprung from rapid societal and technological change and the new item types that make it possible to assess such constructs. We provide examples from two OECD international, large-scale assessments and discuss the related challenges posed by new constructs and instruments, as well as consider future directions.