In recent years, information and communication technology (ICT) has modified the world in which individuals work and live, learn, and socialise. As a result, international large-scale assessments have had to adapt in order to remain relevant and contribute evidence that reflects technological and social transformations. At the same time, international large-scale assessments have also influenced economic, political, social, and technological developments by inspiring policy making and contributing to the evidence base used to assess the relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of existing policies related to skill development. This chapter reviews some of the key transformations that are likely to influence the demand for skills and skill measurement in the next 20 years, including technological innovations, population ageing, and international migration. Next, the chapter considers strategies, responses, and actions for the design, administration, and analysis of international large-scale assessments, which can ensure that they remain relevant in a changing world. In particular, the chapter identifies what the transformations imply for the assessment of foundation skills and for the assessment of new skills. Finally, the chapter reviews the challenge experts involved in the development, administration, and analysis of international large-scale assessments face with respect to building and maintaining trust in the information these assessments provide.