In this chapter, various elements to consider when analysing the impacts of early childhood education are discussed. It does not aim to provide a literature review, but rather to serve as a starting point that helps the reader delve deeper into the analysis and evaluation, particularly of the impact, of early childhood education. To this end, a brief overview of the recent evolution of child schooling in the OECD countries is provided, along with the theoretical framework of early childhood education production and the family decision-making process, which underpins most impact evaluations. Finally, different empirical approaches to impact evaluation of early childhood education—experimental and quasi-experimental—are described, highlighting some key factors to consider when conducting these types of evaluations in practice.