The challenges faced by the African continent in terms of food systems and nutritious diets are multifaceted. This chapter highlights these challenges and presents them as multi-sectorial as they cut across the entire value chain. The challenges examined in this chapter are rapid urbanisation, poor governance, war and conflicts, hyperinflation, climate change, and pandemics. These factors disrupt farming activities, destroy crops and livestock, damage infrastructure, and hinder food distribution, leading to acute food insecurity and malnutrition. In addition, the chapter highlights the socio-economic and environmental challenges, including poverty, inequality, land-use changes, and natural resource degradation, as some of the aspects that further complicate the attainment of food security in Africa. It also examines the failure of African governments to meet international commitments to ensure adequate food for their populations and the economic costs of food and nutrition insecurity. The chapter proposes interventions to transform food systems, promote sustainable consumption, and harness science and innovation to improve food security. By highlighting and exposing the challenges and proposing a pathway towards attaining safe and nutritious diets in Africa, the chapter aims to provide policy leadership and potential pathways to students, academics, and politicians.