Calcium leaching and abrasion damage are common diseases of hydraulic concrete that often occur in combination. In this paper, the leaching depth, Vickers hardness, abrasion depth, abrasion morphology and fractal dimension of the leached concrete were investigated with the change in wearing time, and the evolution of concrete properties under the joint action of calcium leaching and abrasion was analyzed. The results indicate that the average abrasion depth of the specimens at the same wearing time gradually increases with the improvement of initial damage of the calcium leached concrete. During the 72-h wearing cycle, the leaching depths of the concrete eroded by the ammonium chloride solution for 30 days, 90 days and 180 days are less than the abrasion depth in 24 wearing hours. All the abrasion behaviors within 24–72 h occur in the none-leached zone of concrete, and the abrasion rates of leached concrete improve with the growth of their surface fractal dimension.