The pull-out bearing capacity of anchor bolts and the link between anchor bolts and concrete will both be impacted by concrete degradation. As a result, research into how concrete deterioration develops affects anchor bolt pull-out bearing capacity. The pull-out bearing capacity test of anchor bolt, with anchor type and anchor length as parameters, is carried out to study the load displacement, load strain, and concrete damage development law in the process of bolt pullout. The concrete anchor bolt model is established based on ABAQUS platform in order to thoroughly analyze the stress development characteristics of anchor bolt concrete and the failure form of concrete. The bond slip constitutive relationship between reinforcement and concrete is established based on domestic and international concrete specifications. The concrete damage and failure model is developed using the experimental data in conjunction with the constitutive connection of concrete found in the Chinese concrete structure design code. This paper, which is based on the theory of concrete damage, investigates how damage development affects the bearing capacity of anchor bolts, goes on to analyze the stress distribution characteristics of the anchor bolt anchorage zone and the distribution characteristics of concrete damage. The study finds that concrete damage significantly affects the bearing capacity of anchor bolts, and proposes measures to delay concrete damage development, such as placing reinforcement mesh on the concrete surface, deepening the anchorage, and loading the concrete surface.