The increasing population worldwide puts forth the challenge of meeting the food demand through improved crop productivity. “With the growing development practices and anthropogenic activities, agricultural fields are increasingly subjected to various stresses that directly affect the critical process of photosynthesis in plants”. Photo-autotrophs possess an enzymatic anti-oxidant system, i.e., a strong defense line against stress-induced toxicity. The application of formulated nanomaterials (NMs) or nanoparticles (NPs) is proposed as a potential tool in regulating prevalent abiotic stresses in crop fields. The chapter emphasizes the impact of abiotic stresses on crop productivity and the emerging role of nano-materials in enhancing agricultural productivity in the face of increasing environmental stresses. It specifically explores the role of NMs or NPs in improving photosynthetic processes and boosting enzymatic anti-oxidant system under various stresses such as salt, heavy metals, UV-B stress, drought, etc. in plants.