This chapter addresses the current state of the production and investigation of carbon-based materials, a class of substances in which carbon atoms exhibit different hybridization states, leading to various allotropic structures, toward environmental applications concentrating on pollutant removal. The introduction section of this chapter summarizes the unique properties of carbon, highlighting its versatility, followed by a comprehensive overview of the importance of carbon-derived substances, namely activated carbon, graphite, and graphene, stressing their applications in the broad area of environmental applications, which includes pollution control through various modes. Subsequently, the scope of nano-dimensional carbon-based materials, mainly zero-dimensional fullerenes and quantum dots, nanotubes of 1D single-walled and multi-walled types, and 2D graphene in pollution control is briefed. Moreover, their attractive features, mainly large surface area, very high conductivity for electricity and heat, high stability, and environmental friendliness, will be emphasized with environmental applications. In addition to the fabrication of carbon-based materials, their functionalization is at the basis of several environmental applications, including adsorption, catalysis, and sensing. Novel carbon-based materials, including single-atom catalysis where single atoms are immobilized on the surface of the catalyst support and nanocarbon electrodes, with improved mechanical, electrical, chemical, and optical properties, lead to promising environmental applications. This chapter also addresses the sustainability and challenges associated with carbon-based materials, followed by emerging trends and future directions in developing carbon-based materials for environmental applications.