Unrestrained anthropogenic activities (industrialization, deforestation, urbanization and building dams) cause production of a wide range of pollutants, such as heavy metals, organic and inorganic compounds, and various agrochemicals, have severely affected the global ecosystem. Therefore, finding efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly methods for reducing environmental pollution is a condition for sustainable development worldwide. Among the treatment methods, special attention has been paid to bioremediation. Bioremediation is an eco-friendly and green remediation method that involves the use of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, or a combination of both) or their enzymes. It can be applied in situ or ex situ. However, the disadvantages include slow processes that depend on environmental conditions and microbial species. The application of chemical and microbial treatments to enhance remediation efficiency is referred to as assisted remediation. A microbial consortium is made up of diverse microorganisms that can work together in a community. These microorganisms can use organic pollutants as food and carbon sources for growth and reproduction, transforming them into safer or non-harmful substances. To enhance the efficiency of a microbial consortium, the selection of species, composition of the consortia, and environmental manipulation should be appropriate. In order for all these factors to be optimized for the best results, each factor must be in an optimal state. Statistical methods such as the response surface method and the Taguchi approach can be used to achieve this goal. If the right conditions and toxins are present, bioremediation can effectively clean up contaminated areas. However, it does have downsides, such as limited efficacy, site-specificity, slow development, and the need for assessment and monitoring. Despite these drawbacks, bioremediation remains a crucial tool in environmental cleanup efforts. This introductory chapter will explore the fundamentals, advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives surrounding bioremediation methods using microbial consortiums.