The consistently high performance of Eastern Asian students in mathematics assessments like PISA and TIMSS has piqued the interest of researchers seeking to understand the underlying factors. Comparisons of mathematics classrooms across Eastern and Western cultures have emerged as a key area of investigation (e.g., TIMSS Video Study, Learner’s Perspective Study, Lexicon Project). This study builds upon existing research by analyzing the challenges and complexities inherent in international comparative studies of mathematics classrooms. By examining these challenges, we aim to provide valuable insights and references for future studies.